Epidemiological Determinants of Common and Rare Cancers: A Hospital-Based Study in North India

Abstract

Background: Cancer remains a significant public health burden
in India, with its incidence influenced by a complex interplay
of sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Understanding
these determinants is essential to tailor prevention and control
strategies. The aim of the study is to identify the epidemiological
determinants associated with common and rare cancers in
patients attending a tertiary care center in North India.
Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional
study was conducted among 400 histologically confirmed
cancer patients between May 2023 and October 2024 at
a tertiary care hospital in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Data on
sociodemographic variables, behavioral factors, and clinical
history were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured
schedule. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS
version 25. Chi-square test was applied to explore associations
between independent variables and cancer type, with p <0.05
considered statistically significant.
Results: Significant associations were observed between
cancer type and age (p = 0.000), gender (p = 0.000), occupation
(p = 0.000), and socioeconomic status (p = 0.000). Common
cancers were more prevalent in the 41 to 60 years age group
and among females, while rare cancers were frequent in older
males and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes.
Behavioral factors such as tobacco smoking (p = 0.019),
smokeless tobacco use (p = 0.007), and alcohol consumption
(p = 0.019) were significantly associated with rare cancers.
Although 73% of tobacco users noticed health warnings,
58.7% showed indifference, and only 15.7% reported quitting.
Conclusion: The study concludes that age, gender, occupation,
and substance abuse are major determinants of cancer type.
Awareness initiatives alone are insufficient; comprehensive
prevention strategies must also address behavioral change,
socioeconomic disparities, and targeted screening efforts.